Embracing and understanding the diversity of human brains

Written By Susan Robbins

Neurodiversity refers to the natural variation in human brains and behaviour, which recognizes that differences in brain wiring can be a source of strength and creativity rather than a deficiency or disorder. Neurodiversity has gained recognition in recent years, particularly in the context of conditions such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

Biological and Psychological Foundations

Research has shown that ADHD is associated with differences in brain structure and function, particularly in regions involved in attention and impulse control. According to a study by the National Institute of Mental Health (2019), "Brain imaging studies have revealed that key regions involved in the regulation of attention, behavior, and emotion are structurally and functionally different in children with ADHD when compared to typically developing children."

ASD is associated with differences in brain connectivity and structure, particularly in regions involved in social processing and emotional regulation. The National Institute of Mental Health (2021) studies have found that “the brains of people with ASD develop differently than the brains of typically developing people, particularly in areas that are responsible for communication and social interaction."

Recognizing Neurodiversity - ADHD and ASD

Individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can present in different ways depending on the severity of their symptoms and the context of the situation. In relationships, it is not uncommon for people with ADHD to struggle with paying attention and following through on tasks or activities, leading to misunderstandings or missed commitments. They may appear to be disorganized or forgetful, leading to frustration or resentment from their partner. They can have difficulty regulating emotions, leading to impulsive reactions or emotional outbursts.

At school, students with ADHD may struggle with staying focused on lectures or assignments, leading to poor academic performance. They may be disruptive or distract others in class, and might have difficulty with completing homework or studying for exams.

In family contexts, ADHD family members may have difficulty completing household chores or responsibilities, leading to tension or conflict. They may be forgetful or disorganized, leading to missed family events or appointment or struggle with regulating emotions, leading to arguments or emotional outbursts.

It's important to note that these are not universal experiences for individuals with ADHD, and that each person's experience can be unique.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that can affect an individual's ability to communicate, socialize, and interact with others. A person with ASD may experience challenges in relationships. They may have difficulty understanding social cues or nonverbal communication, leading to misunderstandings or miscommunications. They can sometimes struggle with verbal communication, leading to difficulty expressing their thoughts or feelings . They sometimes have rigid routines or interests, leading to difficulty adapting to changes in plans or preferences. Some folks with ASD may be hyper sensitive to sensory stimuli, leading to discomfort or avoidance of certain activities or environments.

At school, students with ASD may have difficulty with social interaction, making friends, or understanding social norms, and experience social isolation or rejection. Their struggles with communication can sometimes lead to difficulty participating in class or understanding academic material; or they may have intense interests or focus on specific topics, leading to a preference for certain subjects and difficulty with other areas of the curriculum.

In families, these difficulties with social interaction can create strained relationships with family members or difficulty understanding family dynamics. Because they sometimes struggle with communicating effectively and reading emotional cues, people with ASD can report feeling misunderstood and their family members may describe feeling frustrated or perplexed by their behaviour. The rigidity in routines or interests commonly seen in ASD folks can translate to difficulty adapting to changes in family plans or activities, which often leads them to feeling left out, or like they don’t belong.

Strategies for Working with Neurodiverse Partners or Family Members

Adopting a strengths-based approach that focuses on the unique abilities and talents of neurodiverse individuals can help them thrive. Here are some strategies for working with neurodiverse friends, partners or family members:

1. Practice empathy and understanding: It is essential to try to understand the challenges that neurodiverse individuals face and to recognize that their behaviours are not intentional or a sign of laziness.

2. Provide structure and routine: Neurodiverse individuals often thrive with predictability and structure. Providing a clear routine and schedule can help them stay organized and on track.

3. Use positive reinforcement: Rather than focusing on negative behaviours, it is helpful to provide positive feedback and rewards for adaptive behaviour and accomplishments.

4. Seek professional help: Working with a mental health professional who specializes in neurodiversity can provide additional support and strategies for managing symptoms and improving relationships.

How Psychotherapy Can Help Neurodiverse People

Psychotherapy can be an effective tool for neurodiverse individuals, helping them to develop coping skills, improve relationships, and enhance their overall well-being. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) has been shown to be effective in treating ADHD and anxiety in individuals with ASD. According to the American Psychological Association (2017), "CBT focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviours and teaching new skills for managing symptoms."

Neurodiversity is a natural and valuable part of human variation. By understanding and embracing the differences in our brains, we can better support and empower neurodiverse individuals to reach their full potential. By adopting a strengths-based approach, providing structure and routine, using positive reinforcement, providing appropriate support and accommodations and enlisting professional help, neurodiverse individuals can thrive in their relationships, at home, at school and in all areas of their lives.

…Read about how our services can help support people who are neurodiverse

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Susan Robbins
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